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Aviation News Worlwide,Airlines news,Bussinness News,General Aviation News Including Africa

Aviation industry  has made the air transport  the most reliable means of communication for quick parcel delivery,cargo and passengers.The air news also keeps the investors in aviation industry aware of the new plans and strategies,so as to ensure proper contigency plans are put in place.

There are air news on the following,

AIRLINE NEWS

Global Aviation Tours Africa with FIFAs soccer world cup.OR Tambo Airport -based fleet operator,Global Aviation, waved farewell to its newly refurbished Coca-Cola FIFA World Cup Trophy Africa Tour Mcdonell Douglas DC9 32 ON sUNDAY Septembete r 19. The aircraft departed for Zurich to collect the famous FIFA World Cup Trophy to begin an African continent wide,76 day trophy tour.

Mr Daniel Rosenzweig, Global Aviations Commercial Director,issued a statement saying that Global Aviation is delighted to  participate in a small way in this exciting event.

Sponsored by Coca -Cola and FIFA ,Global Aviations DC9  jet will be calling at  most African nations to meet representatives of Coca-Colas extensive African distribution network as well as government and national soccer team members.First stop after collecting the trophy in Zurich will be Cairo in Egypt,where the DC9 will stop for two days. Atotal of 52 countries will be visited and the aircraft will fly a distance of over 31000 miles . Total flight time is expected to be 76 hours. Coca-Cola has purchased carbon dioxide permits to ensure that the tour is carbon neutral.

The aircraft has been specially configured to carry 24 passengers in  a First class layout.The cabin  has been divided into three sections with  the forward  compartment laid out as a VIP area for TV interviews and to host both FIFA and Coca-Cola  delegates andd guests. A central section has been configured for passengers and a rear compartment will be used as a team changing room.

Mr Daniel Rosenzweig,Global Aviations Commercial Director ,expressed his appreciation to the South Africa Civil Aviation Association (SA  CAA) for their help andd assistance in the preparation of this tour.Global Aviation was founded in 2001 tpo provide aircraft on a contractual basis to world airlines in need of temporary capacity.The company also provides the acquisition,heavy maintenance,refurbishment and specialized passenger charter services both in Africa and other parts of the world.Global Aviation presently owns nine Douglas DC9 aircraft,three DC 10s and one McDonnell Douglas MD 82.Also Global Aviation is proud to have been chosen to operate Coca-Cola FIFA World Cup Trophy Africa Tour.

QANTAS GETS THE 75TH BOEING 737

On September 22, Boeing and Qantas celebrated as the Australian airlines 75th 737, adorned with a special decal to commemorate the milestone,arrived in Auckland,New Zealand.Qantas named the Boeing Next-Generation 737-800 in honour of Jean Batten,a spirited New Zealand aviator who broke numerous flying records in the 1930s .Qantas has been flying Boeings 737s since 1986. This latest Next-Generation 737-800 features Qantas-specified ,2.5 meter-high blended winglets ,which reduce fuel burn,thereby which increasing range and payload.Qantas Chief Executive Officer Alan Joyce said Qantas was pleased to be able to offer customers a new trans-Tasman product.The new Boeing Next-Generation 737-800 will offer international bussiness and leisure customers a state-of -the -art product.With the spacious Marc Newson inspired cabin design and the array of  on board technology features.Qantas are delighted to be adding six of these aircraft,the first three before end of this year.

BOEING 787 DREAMLINER  FAST FACTS.

The Boeing board of directors approved offering the 7E7 Dreamliner airplane for sale in sale in late 2003.On April26,2004 Japan-based All Nippon Airways (ANA) launched the 7E7 Dreamliner programme with an order for 50 airplanes-the largest launch order in Boeing Commercial aviation history.

On January 28,2005,Boeing announced that it  gave the 7E7 Dreamliner an official model designation number of 787 .The airplane became known as the Boeing 787 Dreamliner.

The model  designation  followed the company -announced orders from the peoples Republic  of China for 60 Dreamliners.Boeing incoporated the eight at the time of the China order because in many Asian cultures ,the number eight represents good luck and prosperity.

To build the super-effiecent airplane,Boeing has partnered with more than 40 of the worlds top-tier suppliers. An international team is developing the airplane,led by Boeing at its Everett,Wash,facility.

With the introduction of the Dreamliner which is more spacious and with the carrying capacity of over 500,travel around the world will make flights cheap and affortable as the cost per ticket will reduce with almost half and the fuel consumption of the Dreamliner will reduce by 20%.

BUSINESS AVIATION NEWS

Gulfstream Aerospace rolls out new flagship aircraft ,the all-new Gulfstream G650.

This jet is the largest ,fastest and most technologically advanced aircraft in the Gulfstream fleet.

On September 29,20009, Gulfstream  Aerospace , a wholly owned subsidiary of General Dynamics (NYSE: GD) rolled out its new flagship business jet,the all-new Gulfstream G650, at company headquarters in Savannah.The aircraft rolled out under its own power.First announced in March 2008,the ultra-large-cabin,ultra-long-range G650  remains on schedule for customer deliveries in 2012. This aircraft is ideal for long haul flights like, private executive jet flights,air ambulance & medical evacuation flights and emergency evacuation flights. Flying in these aircraft will give you a privacy and personalized service.Approximately 7000 people gathered at the new G650 manufacturing building for the aircrafts debut.

The G650 offers the longest,fastest spedd,largest cabin and the most advanced cockpit in the Gulfstream fleet.It features all- new fuselage cross sction, allowing a wider and taller cabin than the previous top-of -the -line G550 model.The G650 is capable of travelling 7000 nautical miles at 0.85 mach and has a maximum operating speed of 0.925,which will make it the fastest civil aircraft flying .It can climb to an altitude of 51000 feet, which allows it to avoidd traffic and inclement weather.

The G650 features a cabin that measures 102 inches wide and 77 inches high, the largest purpose-built cabin in bussiness aviation.The extra space allows  for larger galleys and lavatories, and increased storage.The aircraft , which seats 11-18 passengers ,also features 16 panoramic windows that measure 28 by 20.5 inches, the largest in the industry,improved sound levels, a vacuum toilet system,and in -flight access to 195 cubic feet of usable volume in the baggage compartment. The aircraft is on schedule for its first flight later this year and is expected to be certified i 2011 .Entry -into-service is planned for 2012.

JET FUEL BY TYE.

The various formulations of jet fuel over the last 70 years include: Military designated JP-1 ,JP-2,JP-3,JP-4,JP-5,JP-6,JP-7 AND JP-8 and Commercially designated Jet-A ,Jet-A1 andd Jet -B . All are kerosene blends. The designation letters 'jp' stand for Jet  Propellant.

- JP-1 .The standardized formulation for JP-1 was created in 1994 for the first jet aircraft.It was designed to operate at an extremely low freezing point of -76degrees f. There is only very limited availability of this fuel owing to cost to formulate it.

-JP-2 ,-3,-4 : All are blended kerosenes that use naphtha derivatives at their cutting agents giving varying flash and freezing points.These are obsolete fuels.

-JP-5 and -6 : Both are kerosene fuels that have been blended with AVGAS. A derivative is still used primarily by the United States Navy,while a JP-6 derivative is still used by extremely high-altitude military jets.

-JP-7: Was specifically developed for Lockheed SR-71

-JP-8 (in the US) and F-34(in Europe);Now the universally required jet fuel used by the worlds military forces.It is a blended kerosene that has an antioxidant,metals deactivator and static electricity dissipater additives blended into it.

 

GENERAL AVIATION NEWS,AVIATION SPORTS.

Wanaka Airshow Australia.

Visitors to next years Warbirds Over Wanaka International Airshow will be able to take home a helicopter, light plane or even a boat along with the usual souvenirs, thanks to anew initiative by the shows organisers.

With the global recession putting pressure on aircraft owners,many more were being put up for sale here and overseas, according to airshow Manager ,Mandy Deans. A special aviation sales lot will be set up at the 2010 international airshow andd Ms Deans said there were already helicopters and light planes being put forward for inclussion before the plan had even be advertised. If you will be in attendance at this airshow you will an opportunity for helicopter flight, scenic flight and aerial survey & photography flights.

It is the second new  initiative  from  the Warbirds  Over Wanaka Community Trust for the Easter Holiday event, which has in the past attracted around 100000 visitors.  Afood andd wine expo, showcasing local produce , will also be held as part of the airshow and Ms Deans said this idea was also  attracting considerable interest.

The show begins on April,2 ,2010 with aircraft practice day. The main airshow will be held on April,3 and 4 . Tickets sales continued  to be strong.

With news one is able to know which events are happening and plans on if to attend or participate especially the airshow aviation sports where aircrafts of different types will be on display and you can choose to order one.The Air News updates both the manufactures on the new trends and new products in the market and their addvantage over the ones in use. 

About the Author

Anthony A Juma Editor/Manager at Wings Over Africa Aviation Limitedd for aviation news worldwide,airline news,business news,aviation sport ,cheap flights to east africa,scenic flights east africa,helicopter flights kenya,tanzania & uganda,Private executive jet flights and for more information visit www.wingsoverafrica-aviation.com or email editor@wingsoverafrica-aviation.com ,info@wingsoverafrica-aviation.com

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Kitchen Product Collections

People enjoy decorating their kitchen with the finest cutlery, bake ware and designer cookware models that can be found. They will spend countless hours shopping so that they can lavish their countertops with small appliances that enable them to outperform a seasoned chef. There are gadgets that come their way, that make their job in the kitchen seem very simple indeed, which makes them want to spend more time in the kitchen preparing meals for the family that are truly delectable.

The small appliances that find their way into our daily lives every morning might include coffee makers, coffee grinders, and mini-electric skillets. People enjoy starting their day with freshly ground coffee that is coupled with a delightful stack of hotcakes and bacon. Any family would be proud to start their day in this fashion, and each new day will give them renewed energy to face a very busy world.

When people are afforded the opportunity to save money on their appliances through rebates offered through the manufacturer and find additional deep discounts at the check-out counter, they will typically choose to add to their great buys for the day and go home with new toasters, food choppers and other useful countertop items. Their kitchens will then feature the most up-to-date color schemes and cooking tools that are available on the market today.

For entertaining their friends, people typically purchase fondue pots, food processors and drink mixers to provide their guests with tasty treats throughout the evening. The food processors will allow them to create imaginative sandwiches filled with delectable lobster, crab meat or chicken fillings. As people enjoy their favorite drinks, they will also be enjoying fine cuisine and outstanding conversation.

Meats can be expertly carved with electric knives that expertly slice through economy meets in half the time it would normally take to prepare evening meals. Many sonic knives are cordless to allow cooks a more portable method to cut their meats and vegetable and frozen items in double quick time.

For busy families, there are many slow cooker models that will let you prepare meals when you are away from home. There are knife sharpeners that will keep your new set of knives in top operating condition. There are specialty cooking gadgets that will make preparing outdoor barbeques the talk of the neighborhood.

Many online kitchen collections offer clearance items and refurbished kitchen tools that perform as new but are offered at below-market price and will save families a lot of money for use in other family activities. These discounted items are still eligible for product warranty coverage and will offer your family many years of useful service.

Imagine the shopping choices you will have when you see major brands such as Cuisinart, KitchenAid, Edgecraft, Waring and Hamilton Beach offered at amazing prices that can not be found in major department stores. The ease of selecting items in these product lines is simplified through an easy point and click category choice, and a speedy check-out system will not cause a delay in your day in any way.

About the Author

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Sea sponges instead of tampons?

I saw this on a website, about using sea sponges instead of tampons. Please read it if you answer this.
http://www.epigee.org/menstruation_alternative_products.html

I love the idea of them being biodegradable, and it'd save me lots of money on tampons, but I was wondering, from somone who knows about these things:

The only place I know of that sells sea sponges is a Coach House Gifts in my mall that sells Hermit Crab sponges. And I know PetsMart does too. (I used to have hermit crabs)Do you think these kind of sponges would work? DO NOT WORRY, I am NOT going to use the same sponges I used for hermit crabs. *eww*

And, do you think I could swim with that?
You boil it first, to make it sterile

Another option, the menstrual cap, is a more sanitary idea. It would be easier to sterilize and clean because of the material it's made from (plastic or rubber), plus you can keep it in all day and not have to worry about it. Taking a sea sponge out, rinsing it in the faucet (imagine doing this in a public restroom) and reinserting it (without boiling, won't kill all the organisms---will reintroduce new bacteria to vagina). Talk to your gynecologist before you do anything different!!!

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Kitchen Sinks - Why Going With The Cheapest Is Not A Good Idea

Kitchen sinks, what do we know about them? We use and abuse them and they're probably the most used plumbing fixture in your home. We know a garbage disposer usually hangs off of it into the cabinet. Other than that, it just sits in your kitchen ready to perform the duties assigned no matter how dirty of disgusting. After years of duty however, it becomes time to just retire the sink and get another one. Problem is that there are many materials you can choose from and how do you know what one is right for you? The answer of course is to understand what is important to you and how each of the kitchen sink materials stack up against your needs.

It's no secret that we're all short on time and having someone else do anything for you in your home is expensive. The point is that time is expensive no matter if it's yours or you hire someone. With that in mind, remember that if you need to replace your sink every year or two because you bought cheap, the expense is in the labor.

The cheapest sinks today are Stainless Steel and pressed steel. The lower cost stainless and the pressed steel are also known as "apartment" grade. They call them this because apartment owners, looking for the cheapest prices tend to use these products. If you're on a budget and your family are not heavy users of the kitchen sink, these may be an attractive alternative to more expensive materials. Be aware though that the pressed steel sink typically has a painted surface that scratches and chips easily. These sinks will tend to look old and outdated quickly due to the finish used. The stainless also scratches easily but if cared for correctly, it will continue to look acceptable. Cheaper stainless steel sinks tend to be made of thinner material which means that water being ran into them and the garbage disposal will sound a lot louder on these less expensive models. These sinks come in rimless and top mounted models.

A definite upgrade to these products is the cast iron kitchen sink. These sinks are made of casted metal them finished with a porcelain material giving them a deep and beautiful glow. The finish is long wearing and with a little occasional waxing, can look great for years. They come in a variety of colors and can be ordered in undercounter mounting or top mounting styles. These kitchen sinks however are heavy and much more difficult to install so unless you are extremely handy and have experience with these sinks, you will need an expert for installation.

Another sink material that seems to be gaining in popularity is the solid surface type material These are a durable material formed into a kitchen sink and tend to be more of a matte finish. This type of sink material goes especially well with more natural finishes in your kitchen. Although not as popular as cast-iron, these composite kitchen sinks are rapidly gaining a strong following.

Your kitchen sink is a well used piece of plumbing that deserves to be constructed of quality materials. Buying only on price will cause additional expense due to having to replace the unit much more often. So the best solution is to buy quality and have your Uncle Charlie install it for you.

About the Author

Aigail Franks writes on a variety of subjects such as home, family, and health. For more information on kitchen sinks visit http://www.kitchen-sink.primo-living.com

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APPROACHES TO HISTORY BASED ON A PREFACE TO HISTORY (GUSTAVSON, 1955);

 

           The main reference to write this article, “A Preface to History”,  written by Carl G. Gustavson, is a well organized book, and the reader gets involved with the reading because he starts explaining us the reasons one could like reading his book, and then, brings in a different didactic perspective, some of the dimensions we could be in touch, by recognizing the importance of certain evidences, concerning historical facts. His narrative is also analytical, emphasizing reason, logic, and topical sectioning, leading anyone to involvement in the subject. Gustavson’s speech is constant, and we can notice the voices of other authors, subtly buried in clever arguments, and presentation of special arguments. He does not let us question what is being said, because the answers seem to come before. He explores branches of the History, we certainly have studied before, but the nicest aspect, is that he provides us a return to our spiral learning to meet facts in the past, so that we can improve the quality of our knowledge building. His book is like an invitation to search more, as much as we get concerned about the importance to study History. The author does not only present examples, with personages, but discusses essential human values, and analyses the action of forces along our own evolution, by the clarification of our potential capacity to innovate as well as the conflicts we had and will certainly live in a constant transformation of values, although very typical of humans nature, and adapted along the dimensions of time and space.

          He also provides us a very substantial roll of sources, with bibliographical notes, but does not paraphrase so much along the narrative. His clarifications, include not only the main point, which is sociological aspects, but also emphasizes economics, politics, philosophical,and cultural passages, which are well connected, so that they can be understood in the general context which is basically sociological and historical. The author does not include added material, like pictures, maps, charts, appendixes, chapter sub-headings, but is absolutely careful with the quality of his analysis along the narrative, which is the main literary resource he well manages.

 

 It’s being reported by Gustavson, in his book “A Preface to History”, (Chs.01, p.02) that students face History, in accordance with their conception of reality, that means the possibility to take part of the historical process, which is relative, depending on their social, cultural, economical and political evolvements. As readers, we can understand his intention to define History, providing us an approach with the concept itself, in different collocations.

 

“History, similarly is a mountaintop of human knowledge, from whence the doings of our own generation may be scanned and fitted into proper dimensions.” (p. 02)

 

“History is the story of the successful, or better, the successful write the history”. (p.127)

 

“History consists of stories, and stories must have heroes and villains”. (p.124)

 

He also refers to the concept of the determinists which is:

 

“History is a record of a constant process of evolution toward a predetermined goal in which interruptions may occur, and there may be unforeseen delays and detours, but the ultimate result of foreordained.” (p.124)

 

Another reference is the concept of Voltaire:

 

“ History is but a picture of crimes and misfortunes”. (p.110)

 

          Although he mentions  that History is not science he admits that there is a close relation with people’s conception of reality, so that people can access registrations of facts in different and convenient time. He also compares a historical episode with a game of poker, man can win only with fairly good cards. The participation of the process depends on our lifetime and what our ancestors have to tell us about their past. So, sometimes we are directly or not, insiders of the History, depending on our connections with the facts. Sometimes we can only contemplate them, as outsiders. By different approaches we certainly can understand ourselves much better if we try to answer the questions: Who I am, where I came from, and where I am going. The familiarity with basic concepts and processes, will help students to understand our background as a society, and he/she would probably be included in the History, by searching and looking for his/her roots, even as an outsider. It will probably be helpful to promote the development of competence, and they will become more enlightened citizens, with a good sense of perception in judging public issue (p.5). Anyway, it depends too much of our opportunities. As Políbios reports in his book “History” :

 

Many of us, in my point of view, wish to perform great attitudes, but few ones are brave enough to try, and among the ones who try, there are rarely ones that are able to go until the end. (01)

 

          For the more reasonable understanding of Historical mindedness, Gustavson divides this task in categories, and basically focuses, the objective way to develop skills to become effectively competent for this goal, providing us a panoramic view of his concerns about it.

 

 

 

02

          The author does not exclude the participation of educators in contribution to students needs, but it is clear that interpretation of History depends on the approach each of us can have in accordance with our personality. In this educative process, we ought to consider the necessity of reasonable reading, which he makes reference by saying: 

 

“The more one knows, the more one learns”. (p. 08)

 

We understand that this acquisition depends on the evolvement of the individual to what he/she is looking for, day after day. As Fairclough questions:

 

 “Whose voice is this, the students’ or that of the University administration? (02)

 

          Even incorporating voices we will be connected with history, specially in the academy, where relevant subjects are being presented, but it has no relation with  personal interest to be engaged with the attitude to study, which is variable in accordance with our interests. Our speech is formed by multiple voices, as Bakhtin said once. And History is a subtract for these voices. It makes sense to see the speech in opposition to History.

           Though, this interest will move her/him to be plugged in daily news about his/her emergent interests. Different readings and ‘inputs’ would probably lead him/her to intertextuality and development of his/her cognitive perception formulating his/her speech in accordance with his data processing. Contrastive ideas of our personal concerns, and the others, will give us a chance to share our existence. He mentions Cicero and Santayana to reinforce the importance of flashing back to the past, which is sometimes very important . But also flashforward, so that we can have better perspectives for the future.

           Anyway it depends of our perception of how linked with the present the past is. There are evidences to reinforce the idea that we do improve our “modus vivendi”as much as we know about our surroundings, so that we can better satisfy our necessities. The author mentions some examples of how History can be determined along the time, like fashion, furniture, Arts, Anthropological and geological features, hunting and fishing: the use of the fur in confection: weather. (p.12-24)

          The author mentions the importance of weather, reinforcing the idea that we can predict it. Rain, snow, wind, are weather phenomena that also contribute on our culture, and the way we behave. In terms of History, we can have perceptions about facts. He refers to water vapor in the air, establishing a very clear analogy which permits us to face how dynamic the society is and how new facts can change our destines. Weather dissipated civilizations. We never know when new facts will happen. Sometimes it escapes of any prediction. So, when he says contours of the society changes, we’d understand that it is in the limit of our comprehension, which is very relative. Nobody knows when antagonic forces will act, where the answers for those ideologies will overcome. It’s like hot lava in a volcano.

           It can or won’t come up. Gustavson well explains that Social Forces create basic Historical Patterns, recognizing that although we have many questions about it, much is the result of accident, of coincidence, of the efforts of individual personalities which includes individuals and institutions.

            Periods like Renaissance in Italy, ancient Greece, medieval Russia, the, mercantilism in different cities, are examples of the emerging social forces, in the long perspective, their histories show comparable patterns. He mentions:

03

“Social forces are human energies which originating in individual motivations, coalesce manifestation of power”.

“Society is dynamic. These contours change, however slowly”. (p..26)

 

            Economic Groups also have the control of the power, which means the right to vote, and participate in the society. Then, the mobility of the classes is in dependence of their economical forces. One could be considered marginal if this citizen could not acquire a property. The religious forces also influenced people’s lives, and orders like the Dominicans and Franciscans, dominated many communities specially in the medieval period. Nobility was also a force. As he mentions, Nobles served as a social force to prevent the absolute rule by the monarch. (p..37). Nomads is also important, considering the adaptation they would have for the new land That should be considered Diaspora, and all the involvement’s surrounding it, because moving people are also suffering interference on the way they behave, by the conception of hybrid cultures, depending on the resistance they’d have, against superior ones.

            The author also makes references to the Reformation, considering the necessity to identify differences between good and bad, as emerging feeling of a frustrated society, which feels like being explored by highest social classes. The society claims for salvation, and gets scared of satanic power. At the other side, he sets the forces from Crown and Church, which dominated the planet for centuries. He also reinforces the way the reader can investigate the action of the forces, by looking for causes, background of agitation, involvement of personalities, potent ideas, economical forces, religious forces, technological developments, explanation of the events by weakened and strengthened institutions. He also makes reference to the changes, which conduce the others to behave like that, considering Renaissance and the effects of this movement throughout the world as well as Reformation. He quotes Cheyney who says in Law in History:

 

“Actual origins elude us: everything is the outcome of something proceeding”.

 

            It's necessary to know about the facts to have a reasonable understanding of causation, searching about the reasons and evidences, as well as controversies, so that one can formulate interpretation of the events. We also have to focus different forms of society themselves because of the process of alteration by having change and continuity as lights in our ways. They are abstract concepts. He provides some examples of how things change along the way, like: automobiles; football, and Rugby; Parliament; Reformation; The continuity of the British Empire, and the Commonwealth. We do have to attempt to use History in order to understand the present and how our concerns in the XXth century in terms of perspectives can distort our view of the past. Writing History is not the same as novels. We have to confirm our sources. Evidences have to be found even in referential material, like objects of Arts, and documents.

            Archeologists have been rediscovering forgotten empires, and facts urge for explanations. New ones are uncovered, although writing of History changes because of the constant new researches. It is a cooperative effort. We do have to give the precise importance to footnotes and source references, respecting people’s comments about a certain subject in order to identify the voices along the speech. We have to face every event of history as unique (p.117)

           They guide our decisions. We also have to take care of distortions of the past by the explication of present days attitudes to historical situations. The conclusion is that present can be better understood if we also have our eyes turned to the past, whenever interpreting facts in the present.  (p..178)

 

(01) Políbios, História, Editora Universidade de Brasília, 1985. BOOK     XXVII.

(02) Fairclough, Norman, Discourse and Social Change, 1992, Polity Press, p.105.

      04

 02. Gustavson states that methods of historical thinking can be profitably used in everyday life. Apply historical mindedness to personal or professional experiences. In accordance with Gustavson Historical-windiness is a way of thinking, a form of reasoning when dealing with historical materials and present day problems. There are lots of fields, which can be helpful besides history, like: economies, political science, philosophy, literature, and geology, which are among these.  5-8,10 -174-178.

 

            Gustavson affirms that Historical mindedness is a way of thinking, a form of reasoning when dealing with historical materials and present-day problems. Use of it occurs to a greater or lesser extend in other fields besides history proper: economics, political science, philosophy, literature, and geology are among these. In mastering this way of thinking, a student is also enhancing his capacities in this other fields He presents seven categories.

 

1-       Observations of the personages who take decisions, according to a moral code, perhaps in according to their successes and failures. Even as the reader enjoys the story, we can never see the events clearly, because it depends on who tells it, and the information this person has about the facts.

2-       The historically minded person knows that events do not occur in isolation: every happening is brought about and conditioned by a series of events. He will, consequently, be impelled to seek for associations between the particular events. Historians come back to the past inevitably.

3-       The student of society has to discern the shapes and contours of the forces, which are dynamic in society.

4-       The historian has to take care with the inequities. So he or she has to take care whenever considering the analysis of facts considering time: present, past and future.

5-       Changes in society are absolute. The process is the main point for historians

6-       Historians must have humility so that they can recognize tenacious reality.

7-       Gustavson affirms History is not a science even though scientific methodology is used as much as possible.

 

            We don’t teach History, but we are sure about the necessity to study it, so that we can have reasonable arguments, in our conversations in the Academic context or not. Professors cannot expect too much of the students. Is it truth? The decision to select what they are going to teach is theirs. They should expect to start getting more involved with what is going on, so that his/her pupils can have and open mind and well open-eyes for the perspectives of the History. We also have to take care with the distortion of History whenever interpreting facts in the present. So it’s more than familiarities. Historians should analyze history through a telescope. Generalizations are always present, because he/she will be facing a specific point, like a blueprint in the ocean. This initial stage in the development of historical mindedness is definitely over when we visit another country we are in fact foreigners in a strange land, in touch with different cultures. Internet, reduced this necessity so much. So, we can also be outsiders. Anyway, mental frontiers can be easily broken nowadays.

            The study of the past helps us to obtain bases for perspectives on the present. People should necessarily view the past from the present, because the mature historical-mindedness will occur, only if the person has the view of present from various vantagepoints in the past.

            When Gustavson refers to inventions, he explains two very different activities but very close. The first one is spinning of the cotton into thread, and the wearing of the thread into cloth. James Hargreaves invented spinning jenny, and it made a considerable difference.

      05

             Two different facts could be observed.  The industry of iron and the industry of cotton. Time after time, people could find out the importance of water, to create energy enough so that hands and foot could be substituted. Hands made the extraction of the cotton and this required lots of work. So, as soon as machines took place, it acted on slavery. The cotton gin should be separated from the seed. So even with the machines, men’s action was very necessary. Many other inventions were elaborated, like the automobile, planes, telegraph, telephone, evolution theories, magnetism, x-rays, steamboat, electric light, printing press, which had a great importance for life in society. Printing press should be destroyed because it was considered a creation of the devil. Some development in astronomy could be observed too. Nicolau Copernicus and Ptolomeu develop studies about celestial machines. “The earth moved about the sun, rather than the earth being the center of the university’. Another things like; telescope, microscope, barometer and air pump could be invented. Printing press permitted Reformation. Whenever we consider retarding, we would consider that he transmission of knowledge to the following generations was difficult. ( p.151) – The outburst of technological change did move than merely act as a social force in history narrative. Every inventor stands on the shoulders of those who proceeded him.

 

3. Gustavson represents several driving forces that influence and change history, each the subject of a separate chapter (Chess 4,7,8,10,12,14,15, Discuss, analyze and comment upon 2 of these forces.

 

            It’s interesting to observe that a good history starts with the interference of someone in a certain context. Then, it sounds that people react with the new present person, and gives the coordinates to the future. This is what we can observe in Gustavson’s narrative about Francis Drake, Christopher’s Columbus, and merchants, How involved they get, combining their efforts, considering their interests. He finally defines that, “Social Forces are human energies, which originating in individual motivations, coalesce into a collective manifestation of power’. He presents Religious and Technological Social Forces. The first one is further illustrated with examples, especially to the point of leadership, and inferences through influence of ideas. (p.132) Bartolomé de Las Casas, the event-making man, whose father had sailed with Columbus inherited his spirit, and also land, and Indians enough, to start his career as a planter. We can notice the presence of the voices by a sermon which theme was “I am the voice of one crying in the wilderness”.

            They managed the interests of the people by offering sacraments. Anyway, when Las Casas came back to Spain, he was named the Protector- General of the Indians. He had power among Indians. Francis Xavier, another personage, who went to Paris. He got in touch with Loyola; being called “The Alexander the Great of the Church. He worked in the Orient with the colonies, mainly in Malacaa, Goa, Japan. He dies close to China. What Gustavson wants to reinforce is the forces that condemned many people, like Las Casas and Xavier. They both left the pomp and power of the mother church far behind and came, simply dressed, far away from the church itself, only to pray with people and advocate the Word of God, and how important their lives were, to reach the power throughout the world, mainly the ones where Islamic religions were official. The second one: The author suggests we have to backtrack a little in the story of the development of the ocean-going vessel, and a special focus has to be given to means of transportation especially by the knowledge of navigation. Portuguese people, developed Caravels, and Spanish people, large sailing ships like English navigators.

  

06

           Basically they had very specific interests, like the possibility to carry more food, for all the crew and gunpowder. Then, man’s capacity to develop new devices, or inventions, or ways of doing things. An example of how important this fact is could be given, by taking the Turks whose success in their conquests over Christians was attributed to their modern means of warfare. These new inventions can illustrate a third type of social force. Weapons improved a lot Influences of ideas and the military originates in the necessities of armed defense.

             If we consider the power of the Church, we also have to focus its controversies about its position in the world, the diversity of religion, especially Islamic, the paper of Reformation with Lutheran, Calvinist, and Anglican. Later, Protestants. He establishes the relation between knowledge acquisition, and the importance of the book. The main point is that when printing was spread, people became literate, and the church did not get in doubt to excommunicate people with the interdict. People thought about salvation. People had two to reduce their guilty: by confessional, and duty of penance. The influence of the clergy is notorious. Then, the answer of Reformation was the reinforcement of Papal infallibility as a response to XXth century, treating French Revolution, nationalism and Materialistic Marxism XVII Th and XVIIIth centuries, and nowadays, individualism (p.138). The king was not an absolute sovereign. The importance of Parliament is remarkable. A strong army guaranteed the royal power. The main passage of the triumph of monarchy should be illustrated with the passage in the Palace of Versailles: “Létat cést moi” (I am the state) (p.91) Different ideologies of French statements do not matter much more the Rhine, whether the despotic Louis XIV. By the other side one of the dominant geographical influence for Modern Britain was the sea (p.93) it gets easier to understand British Expansion by the Colonial Ventures. England did not want the Unification of Europe. Then some alliances started to be enhanced. It justifies some characteristic qualities of self-preservation and aggrandizement in the attempt of balance of power. The Founding Fathers of the US helped to establish new concepts of checks and balances between the three branches – Executive, Legislative, and Judiciary. Institutional power can lead with anarchy and tyranny. It can be really observed by checking growth of enlightened self-interest, by a domestic balance of power and by law itself. This limitation of power during XXth century has been driving to in international affairs. (p.98).

            If we consider the Revolution, we would have to see Commercial, Industrial, Russian, French ones, so that we can understand the phenomenon we are about to examine “however is one in which a social or economic group is supersedes in control of the state by another group under circumstances of violence. (p.99)

So this facts are probably related with the destination of the people, so that they formulate new conceptions of life. Ideological forces are correlated with the speech, which conduces to changes. When they are not pacific, they should be discussed or imposed, but caused by poverty of people. Gustavson considers it is an error to affirm misery of the people is the main reason for a revolution, but admits a little verity. This poverty should be combated only with the intensification of commercial trade that was very dependent of weather conditions of navigation. Misery was not the case of a Revolution before the end of XVIII century. So, it’s not correct to affirm it was the main reason for a revolution, mainly in France and England until 1789. What we understand is that power, not only of the monarchy but clergyman, started to lose force. The governments show incompetence and the church its inequities. The first provides a sort of privileges, and the second, restrictions. So, enlightenment, took place in the history. (England –1680). The decadence of the aristocracy and absolutism instigated revolution.

   

07

             This fact is reinforced by subsidiary sources (BURNS, 589-592). If we had it quite strong before, with the Renascence, Reform, we would say things could have changed the speech. (BURNS 572-580). Specially the one that destroyed faith in existent institutions, suggesting reform (Gustavson, 109). For sure these forces help to determine the course of the history. As Gustavson mentions: “We prefer to believe in man’s free will, in his capacity to make decisions both as private individual and public figure. (p.123).

             We could also point Determinism and Great Man Theory. We all know history is also made of stories, including villains and heroes constituting Historical Figures, and getting our attention, more than the forces do. The proponents of Determinism believe History is a record of constant process of evolution toward a predetermined goal, in which interruptions may occur, and there may be unforeseen delays and detours, but the ultimate result is foreordained.

            We also have to reinforce that the power of religious was depending on the conception of the crown. A good example is the fact that king Henry VIII of England assuredly changed the religious history of his country by establishing a free church of England of foreign control and seems to have made England Protestant when it was only important in Germany. The Church of England remains Catholic to this day in some aspects. The real Protestant Reformation in England fated to take permanent control of the country. If we consider the forces among people. Even what they wear should be approved or not by the church. Clothes reflect people’s behavior. A necessity to be accepted leads to do conformity. We also conventionalize our axiomatic premises in certain patterns familiar and acceptable to all. (p.152). We have to undergone experiences so that we can shape our ideas, select features, integrating it to our personalities, and direct ourselves to a specific point of reference, rediscovering ourselves toward to a sense of reality and conviction. Ideas are the threads, which bind the minds of men together sufficiently for joint action to occur (p.153). When we make reference to technological forces. We have to recognize the importance of certain inventions. They come from certain needs or by curiosity. The acceptance of ideas, like the creation of inventions, is dependent up on the cultural level of a people. May be this is the point where the forces collide. The spirit of innovation and creation, we humans do have, could not be manifested because it was against the principles of the church. As Gustavson mentions: “In periods of cultural lag (where ideas have failed to keep pace with physical progress) the maladjustment between ideology and human reality spurs the search for new insights.”(p.155). We also had the influence of ideologies, varying from Nationalism, Socialism, Individualism, Communism, Marxism, Capitalism, mainly. The main point here is how those systems came to people’s mind, interacting with religious statements. Sure the base of everything has always been the working class unions and the balance between commanders and commanded people. “Marxism became as possessive of a man’s soul and mind as a religion (p.160). Ideas can also be imposed by force. Even if it is accepted, it can be completely changed. (Social forces).

             By the way, if we consider power, we have to say that it is the way one can exert control of certain groups, by an efficient organization, which can devise and carry through such a campaign, and a necessity. Although, power is not limited to verbal persuasion (p.182).  There are types of power. It is for the society what energy is to the physical world. Gustavson mentions that law is necessary only for a few, and police means that the regime is facing strong internal opposition. In England, power meant the ability to produce weapons. By the other side, we also have spiritual power, which comes from the effects of religious and men’s convictions.

     08

              Technological power is an emerging form which has not yet, been brought, fully into use. (A way to control the forces of the nature). (p.181) – technologists and scientists tend to get the power, cause they know some very objective forces. Education leads to leadership, which also means, power. Americans are joiners. A good example is the Labor Associations. The abuse of the use of weapons “Ideas are weapons”(p.196) created a myth, with the propaganda that the final result justifies the ways. It gets people involved with a certain aim which does not have anything correlated. The maintenance of jurisdiction over the others leads to liberty suppression. The science of the government becomes simply a science of how to keep the people working, and how to keep them quiet. (p.196). Applying authority doesn’t mean touch the right of freedom of the individual and of the associations.

              War became a constant danger. We needed prevention. Circumstances guided men more than men made circumstances. So, a general conscience emerged to piece rather than war. Not always. His own country repudiated Ex. Wilson the prophet of a New World order. (p.202). In consequence, some minor wars, suppression of slavery, white slavery, peddling of narcotics, were some of the League’s conquests. Agreements about shipment specially embargo on arms. In accordance with the League of Nations, war was not morally acceptable. Then this statement: The life of an individual sees a constant process of adjustment to environment mainly because technological change which had produced a dramatic change in the physical surroundings of the nations (p.206). There are moments in the history; we face the reaction of people to invaders, like Syria and Lebanon – French people. So, ending wars is Utopia. Admitting it, is Barbarism. Social forces will still furnish the muscles and individual ambitions will still be fingers that write history (p.210). 

 

     09

 

     To sum up our considerations about his concerns, we have to say that by reading this book, we could understand the complexity of some events, more than a simple presentation of facts, the place of continuity and change in history, by a very organized sequence of presentation, that demonstrates the great capacity of the author to comment and clarify certain relevant historical events by a different angle.

His enthusiasm specially about the mission of an educator to transmit knowledge, engages in a hard campaign against the evidence, we are all very interested to live the present, rarely examining the past, and confident about the future, which is absolutely important for us, educators, conductors of successive actions of the students who sometimes need to read about it, not only listen. If we run on this way, just oral speeches, we will be like Dad and Mom, with very typical speech of recommends. It’s up to them to face the importance of their on existence in the total and global context, and no remedy for indifference which is normally observed, not by students only, but mainly by educators. It sounds that we breath History, and Gustavson’s book is a good filter, so that the quality of our concerns can emerge from a very dark whole, where fundamental knowledge remains, in deep silence, unless we have the chance to reflect about the importance of these studies, by listening to the voices wherever they are.

 

 

10

 

Works Cited

 

Burns, Edward McNall, History of the Occidental Civilization, Globo Ed. 1971.

 

Gustavson, Carl G., A preface to History, Copyright. 1955, McGraw HILL.

 

Gibaldi, Joseph. MLA Handbook for Writers of Research Papers, New York:

  Modern Language Association, 1988.

 

 

     

About the Author

Última atualização do currículo em 30/07/2009
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Newfoundland Travels-Northwest Newfoundland

Northwest Newfoundland is a penisula starting at Gros Morne Naitonal Park in the South to L’Anse aux Meadows on the Noth end.  This as one area not to be missed.

Today we traveled to Gros Morne National Park. Our first stop, however, was at the Newfoundland Insectarium outside of Deer Lake. They have a tropical butterfly garden and exhibits of many worldwide insects. Some of them are huge. But the most dangerous ones to man seem to be the smaller ones, like the mosquito.

Off to Gros Morne. We camped at Lomond River Campground, just outside the park. For $16.00 CA, we received full hookup. The campgrounds in the park charge $29.00 per night for no services. That is pretty steep. Took the walking trail along the Lomond River, a salmon river. The salmon were not running, but the scenery was outstanding.

Thursday, August 21, 2003

Off we went hiking today on one of the many trails in the park. We chose the Green Garden Trail. There are two versions: the long one and the short one. Of course we chose the short one, only nine kilometers in length. We avoided the long hill of the one trail. But we did not miss the one going down to the shore. What goes down must go up, etc. The views were spectacular. The garden is known for its sea stacks and sea caves when the tide has ebbed. The hills are a challenge, but WOW! Neither words nor pictures can do justice for the variety of beauty. Once again the weather was perfect. Rain will be coming, however.

Friday, August 22, 2003

This morning it rained. By the afternoon the rain stopped and we were able to hike the Tableland Trail. The Tablelands is an interesting phenomenon in Gros Morne. Millions of years ago, when the Appalachian Mountains were formed by a collision of the African Continent and the North American Continent, the Tablelands were the upheaval of the ocean floor. What were left are deposits of heavy metals, such as nickel, iron, manganese, etc., which do not support much life. The rare plant life is found where there is coursing water down the sides of the mountains.. The Provincial plant of Newfoundland, the pitcher plant, grows in abundance. It does not need nutrients from the soil. It receives its nourishment from insects drawn to their death inside the interior of the plant—Yum, Yum!! Audrey II, where are you? Visually, the area looks like someone stripped mined the region and left slag hills as a reminded. This time, however, man is not responsible. The tops of the mountains are relatively flat; thus giving the name of The Tablelands. Across the road is the Green Gardens trail, which is comparatively lush in growth. That trail we took yesterday.

From the Tablelands we drove to Trout Lake, once a fjord. A delta formed and enclosed the fjord, making it an inland lake. Here the Tablelands rise to the left, while verdant cliffs ascend to the right. The contrast of geological landscapes is stunning. Neither pictures nor words can adequately describe the beauty.

On the way back home, we stopped at the Discovery Center, which explains many of the unique features of this world renowned park. The exhibits were done with a sense of humor, to take some of the stuffiness out of unpronounceable geological names and eras in the world’s development.

Saturday, August 23, 2003

Another overcast day. We wanted to take the fjord trip on Western Brook Pond. A pond is the Newfoundland name for a lake. WB Pond was once an open fjord filled with salt water. Over the years the mouth filled with debris and the only water in it is fresh from snow melt and from rains. The water is almost pure, sustaining very little life. That means that there is very few fish, little plant life and bacterial life. After parking we have to walk almost one hour to the boat ramp through a variety of coastal ecosystems: peat bogs, marshes, boreal forests, etc. Once we arrived at the wharf with the other 120 tourists, we were greeted with a downpour. Welcome to the fjords. A fjord is literally a finger carved out of the mountains by glacial flow thousands of years in the making.. The walls of the mountains rise from almost 500 feet in the water to over 2500 feet into the sky. Combined with the erosion from the water and the air, these monuments of grandeur are in constant change. Rockfalls can occur any time,and do.

The boat takes us through the entire length of the fjord, about 16 miles. The clouds, mists, fog, sun and occasional downpour play with our senses as we travel the canyons.

After two and a half hours we return to the wharf for the hike back. Everyone was a buzz with the experience of the trip.

We headed North out of the park and wisely stopped at Parson’s Pond overlooking the Bay of St. Lawrence. Almost immediately came a sea squall with rains and winds buffeting our trailer. We were happy to have shelter. When the rain ended we were rewarded with a beautiful sunset and afterglow, the best one we’ve had since Sarasota, FL. We also learned here that the earth is truly round.  With our GPS in hand we tried to point our satellite dish at 22 degrees.  Even though we were fifty feet up on a cliff, we were unable to get a signal.  To all the members of the Flat Earth Society: "You are wrong".

Sunday, August 24, 2003

Started our trek on the Northern Peninsula. Our first stop was the Arches, a natural phenomenon of four arches carved into one rock. Further along is Daniel’s Harbour, the home of Myra Bennett, the Florence Nightingale of the North. She ministered up and down the coast as the only medical practitioner around, delivering over 700 babies, setting bones, performing surgeries, and tending to the general health care of the population. The town was in the news yesterday, having the funeral of the modern doctor who had allegedly killed her baby and then herself.

Port au Choix is a National Historic Site, having been the home to the Atlantic Maritime, Dorset Indians and numerous other tribes. Each left records in the earth of their habitation of the area. All along the coast are small towns, whose main occupations were fishing or sealing. Today the government has banned cod fishing, and has put monthly limits on halibut, turbot, lobster, crab and other sea food. From the number of lobster traps seen along the highway, the lobster business must be very good in the area. On the opposite side of the road are the Long Range Mountains, part of the Appalachian Mountain Range. The scenery is stunning.

Saw Labrador across the Strait of Belle Isle. We made reservations for the ferry from Cartwright to Goose Bay for Friday evening. We have a few days to spend on the peninsula. The road took us across the peninsula near the northern tip. Here the land is marsh and bog, the home of the highest concentration of moose and caribou on the island. We spent the night along the road near a quarry. So far no moose or caribou. Perhaps they are afraid of Morgana. We did see a bald eagle flying along the coast: a first for us.

All along the road in the bog areas the locals have planted their vegetable gardens, usually of potatoes, turnips, onions, cabbage, etc.-all of the ingredients for a genuine 'jigs dinner'. Their plots are twenty by twenty and larger. Some are miles from the nearest towns. There is no poaching of another’s garden, except by the moose and caribou.

Monday, August 25, 2003

Drove to L’Anse aux Meadows (Anse is an Old French term for Cove) , an UNESCO World Heritage Site. The site was discovered by Drs. Helge and Stine Ingstad who had been searching for the Viking settlement known as Vinland in the New World. From the Norse sagas and maps drawn they knew that the Vikings had come to the area about 1,000 AD. They traveled the route taken and recorded by the Viking sagas and stopped at the isolated villages asking if there were any ruins in the area. When they came to L’Anse aux Meadows after hundreds of disappointments, fisherman George Decker brought them to some ruins in the grazing fields. The origins were still unknown. It could have been from paleoeskimo times or other Aboriginal Tribes. With permission they uncovered Viking ruins c. 1000 AD. They found an iron smelter, the first one in North America, with the remains of leftover slag. With the help of the National Geographic Society, they uncovered eight buildings, including dwellings, workshops, smithy and furnace. They have come to believe that a group of 70-90 people settled here as a jumping off point for further exploration South. They are led to believe that Leif Eiriksson even spent some time in the settlement, where ships were repaired and sailors were given a safe haven. The site is directly on the Labrador Current, which extends from Greenland and passes by Labrador and Newfoundland. From the site you can see the shore of Labrador about twenty miles distance. Also found were chips of European Pine, used for ship building and a bronze pin to hold their garments together. No one knows why the area was abandoned. Inuit legend says that they warred with strange men and drove them away. Also on the premises is a modern reconstruction of an Iron Age Viking village. Because of safety reasons more ventilation is provided and the fire is propane. The rest of the building is pretty authentic, judging from my memory of visiting similar structures years ago in Europe.

On the way out of the parking lot, we encountered our first moose: three bulls and one cow. They were at the side of the road, the males laying down chewing their cud, while the female was standing over them. After a while she gave up on them and sauntered off into the forested area. In a month the scene will change and the males will not be so contented. It will be rutting season and they will be vying against each other for the amorous attentions of the cow. Right now they are acting like couch potatoes, munching on their snacks and watching the tourists.

Our next stop was the Black Tickle Ecomuseum of berries. Here local berries are made into jams and other delicacies. These berries include such exotic names as bake apple, squash, partridge, crow, blue, black, cracker, etc. The visitor can view the process of making the products through glass windows and then sample some of the products for sale.

Our next step is the Burnt Cape Ecological Reserve. Guided tours are given by the staff at Pistolet Provincial Park twice daily. We were too late for them and went on our own. The area looks like a barren rock with patches of green interspersed. In these green areas are over three hundred different varieties of plants, at least thirty are extremely rare and some are only found at this site. What makes this place so unique is the weather patterns. The area is about one hundred feet above the shore. The winds and waves have carved out sea caves and other interesting oddities. These same winds, frequent rain and constant fluctuations between hot hand cold make this area a unique ecosystem. Many of the flowers are no larger than a pin head. You have to be careful of where you walk lest you crush one of them. There are trails which you can follow to other parts of the reserve. They are very narrow and the drop-off to the sea is usually fatal. Took the tail a way, but then saw storm clouds quickly rising in the West. Seeing that trail would be very slippery when wet, I did not want to have a swim in the cold waters. So I headed back to safety.

Our final stop was St. Anthony to pick up necessary provisions. This is the home of Dr. Wilfred Grenfell, a medical missionary, who helped develop the area and minister to the needs of the settlers about 100 years ago.

Tuesday, August 26, 2003

More rain and wind today with temperatures in the 40s F. We are happy we did our sightseeing yesterday. We made the decision to drive to the ferry in St. Barbe and go over to Labrador. We arrived at the ticket office in plenty of time for the 13:00 crossing, but were told that it was dangerous goods only. We reserved a spot of the 18:00 crossing. Mags was very interested in the departure of the ferry boat, with the bow of the ship closing like a shark’s mouth. So for the next five hours we did an Otis Redding (Sitting on the Dock of the Bay), had lunch and read, while the wind howled around us.

At 17:30 we were the first to board the ship and had a nose position in stern-the ferry opens at both ends for easy moving of cars and trucks. The crossing took only 1 ½ hours, fighting the high winds and the Labrador Current. Many passengers were using the little white bags. The Apollo is quite a dowager, in need of some TLC. She has staterooms, a sit-down restaurant, and cafeteria, play area for the kids, lounge and a few recliners. The latter were hard to get. Since we were one of the first ones on board, we were lucky. They broadcast the news on a television right in front of us. Because of the headwinds we arrived a little behind schedule at Blanc Sablon, PQ. Mags was delighted again, because she saw the boat opening up from the inside this time.(She amuses easily.) First off the boat, we found a perfect parking spot on a hill overlooking Blanc Sablon on one side and L’Anse-au-Clair, NF on the other: A Tale of Two Cities and Provinces.

For our efforts of the day, we were rewarded with a beautiful sunset and afterglow starring all the colors of the spectrum.

About the Author

John and Maggie Pelley are Geriatric Gypsies. Both of us are retired from the rat race of working. We are full-time RVers, who ran away from home. We began our travels on the East Coast and, like the migrating birds, seek the warmth of the seasons. No more shoveling snow in Chicago. We have discovered volunteering with the National Park System. During our travels we have found that each town has a story to tell: some are more interesting than others. Both of us enjoy good listening music as we go. John has a CD he has recorded of Native American flure music. We have learned that RVing has a learning curve. We want to pass on some advice the help others avoid this trecherous curve. Life is an adventure. We are living it to the utmost.

DORAN CUNNINGHAM 6B echo and run-by.

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Through Snowdonia National Park in Wales with the Blaenau Ffestiniog Railroad

Narrow, rusted rails curved from the dark, slate-gray and velvet-green Snowdonia Mountains into Wales’ Blaenau Ffestiniog Station, at the threshold to the single-street, stone architecture Welsh town.  Misty clouds, like transparent sheaths, draped themselves over the mountains in the piercing, 50-degree temperatures, while smoke from the town’s collective chimneys filled the air with its almost-welcome aroma.  Would only its warmth coincide with the smell!  Shattering noon with its whistle and emitting bilious smoke from its stack, the black steam engine emerged from the mountain tunnel after its one-hour, ten-minute ascent from Porthmadog.

                Although the current station had been constructed on the site of the old Ffestiniog/Great Western Railway Station in 1833, the original Ffestiniog line had terminated in Duffws, which had opened for passenger operations in 1866 and had closed in 1930.  The modern-day Blaenau Ffestiniog Station, opened in 1982, was a joint facility with the Network Rail Conway Valley Branch Line.

                A lurch, created by the initial snagging of the car couplings, and a second whistle, preceded the train’s initial movement beyond the platform.  Sandwiched between gray rock walls, built up of seemingly tracing paper thin slate, the relatively minuscule steam engine, pulling its string of narrow passenger car bogies, plunged through a night-transforming tunnel, reemerging abreast of rolling green hills.

                 The Ffestiniog Railroad had its origins in the mining industry.  A significant housing demand, along with the slate to roof them, had been created by the Industrial Revolution, and the mountains of North Wales, rich in such resources, were quickly accessed by a myriad of rail lines which connected the high-elevation mines with the sea-level ports.

                In 1798, W.A. Madocks, acquiring some land parcels, performed a series of reclamation projects, including that of Traeth Mawr shore, which extended inland to Port Aberglaslyn, and that of the Great Embankment, known as the “Cob,” across the estuary.  The Cob itself, diverting the River Glaslyn, created a natural harbor called Port Madoc which later became known as “Porthmadog.”

                Initial slate deposit mining occurred in the mountains near Blaenau Ffestiniog.  The product, transported by pack animal-drawn farm carts over rough road to the River Dwyryd, was then transferred on to shallow-draft river boats and taken downstream for further transfer to large sailing ships.

                The primitive, manual arrangement soon proved incapable of satisfying the demand, and a railway, surveyed by James Spooner, from Worcestershire, was constructed and incorporated as the Festiniog Railway by an Act of Parliament on May 23, 1832.  Although it ran on track, it continued to use non-motorized propulsion, gravity-induced during descent and horse-pulled during return.  At 23.5 inches, the narrow-gauge track corresponded to that of quarry railroads, and proved advantageous during both operational phases: it was wide enough to permit horses to efficiently haul the empty cars up the mountain, yet narrow enough to permit easy negotiation of the multitudinous curves mandated by the mountainous terrain.

                Demand, soon eclipsing the horse-chain-gravity system, pointed to the need for steam engine power, but this proved unfeasible because of two initially-insurmountable restrictions:

1. Operation of a steam engine on such a narrow gauge had been envisioned as impractical.
2. Passengers could only be legally carried over British standard gauge track, of 4 feet, 8.5 inches.

Commencing its descent from 710 feet to sea level, the narrow-gauge chain made the steep, one-mile sprint from Summit Cutting to Tanygrisiau, where it joined a Blaenau Ffestiniog-bound train, already stopped on the other track.  Originally opened in 1866, it had featured a continuous gradient to Boston Lodge in order to permit gravity to pull its heavy, slate-filled cars toward the coast.  The station itself had not reopened as part of the later tourist railroad until 1978.  After a brief pause, the train once again regained momentum.

The restrictions, impeding steam technology implementation on the route, were not overcome until Charles Easton Spooner, James Spooner’s son, took over the railroad in 1856 and thence invited tenders to design and build such a locomotive, not awarding a contract until seven years later, in 1863, to George England and Company for four small locomotives.  The first of these, the Princess, in a 0-4-0 side configuration with tenders for coal, became the world’s first narrow-gauge passenger car-propelling steam engine when it had entered service with the Ffestiniog Railroad in October of that year.  The Mountaineer, entering service concurrently, had been followed by the Prince and the Palmerston in 1864.  The Prince had earned several titles, including that of oldest working engine on the Ffestiniog Railroad, that of the oldest working engine anywhere in the world, and that of the oldest engine still in steam configuration on its original line, although its tender had been converted to carry oil as opposed to its original coal in order to reduce the risk of line side fires.

The Board of trustees ultimately granted the railroad permission to transport passengers, making it Britain’s first narrow-gauge, passenger-carrying rail line, although it initially only carried quarrymen.  Increasing demand was satisfied with the introduction of two more locomotives, the Welsh Pony and the Little Giant, in 1867.  The former, built by George England as a larger, more capable successor to its original four engines, had featured saddle tanks from inception, while its earlier derivatives had been reconfigured to this standard.

Skirting round the left side of the silver-surface appearing lake, the Ffestiniog Railroad traveled past grazing white sheep, which almost appeared as topographical extensions of the rolling, velvet green hills.  Plunging into a mountain-bored tunnel, it was once again engulfed by darkness, its internal lights temporarily providing the only illumination.

Two miles before reaching Dduallt, the train followed a 35-foot-high deviation spiral, which had been rebuilt in 1965 so that the Ffestiniog Power Station could be installed.  The station itself, opened in 1865 and operating with its own Station Master before World War II, passed without cessation.

Campbell’s Platform, following in quick succession, had been a private station which had served Dduallt Manor, a small manor house partly dating to the 15th century.  Colonel Andrew Campbell, who had been a licensed explosive handler and had helped construct the Dduallt Spiral, had purchased the house in 1962 and had stored his own diesel locomotive in its shed, using it to travel as far as Tan y Bwlch.

Emerging from the Garnedd Tunnel and maintaining a high-shrill screech as the spark-igniting wheels of its passenger carriages rounded the turns, the train passed through tall, needle-thin pine and Llyn Mair (Lake Mair) became visible through the left windows.  Briefing stopping at Tan y Bwlch, it accepted two passengers.  Opened in 1873, Tan y Bwlch had reclosed 66 years later in 1939, and was reactivated with the restoration in 1958.

The Ffestiniog Railroad’s later engines, although more powerful, had only proved a temporary remedy, as escalating demand indicated the need for additional track and an Act so authorizing it was passed in 1869.  However, the cost and engineering obstacles of doubling the existing line proved prohibitive and the solution again lay in the design of a still more powerful locomotive which could pull longer, higher-capacity trains.  Such a design, however, incorporating the optimum combination of features, seemed an inherent contradiction, for, while a larger, more powerful locomotive would be able to haul longer, heavier trains, it would be equally unable to round the sharp curves and climb the steep gradients characteristic of narrow-gauge, mountain topographical mining railroads.

The solution emanated from Robert Fairlie, a railway engineer, who designed a double-bogie engine, the Little Wonder, in a 0-4-4-0T configuration, comprised of a single longer, rigid boiler, but erroneously appearing like two smaller locomotives attached together like bookends.  Built by the Fairlie Engine and Steam Carriage Company, it produced more than double the power of the smaller single engines, yet could easily negotiate the track’s tight curves and steep inclines.

In 1872, the Ffestiniog Railroad also became the first user of passenger bogie coaches in Great Britain.

Although the line prospered for some 83 years, less expensive tiles eventually replaced slate as roofing material and its purpose gradually diminished until, in 1946, it had been forced to cease operations.  The original Princess locomotive had been the last to run.  The Welsh Pony had undergone major overhauls in 1891 and 1915, but its boiler had been condemned in 1938.

A Preservation Society, founded to restore and reopen the line, rebuilt a 2.5-mile track section which had been flooded in order to make way for a hydroelectric station, and today the railroad enjoys a resurgence as a steam engine-powered, narrow-gauge tourist train which travels the 13 miles between Porthmadog and Blaenau Ffestiniog several times per day.

Belching billowing white smoke, the steam engine passed Plas Halt, a station opened in 1963 to serve the Plas Tan y Bwlch, a house from the 1600s and the seat of the Oakley family, a quarry owner from the late 18th century to 1961.  In 1975 the house had become a Snowdonia National Park residential study center.  Now at a 375-foot-elevation and halfway through its 13-mile journey, the carriages rocked laterally as their wheels clanked over the narrow rails.  A snaking river seemed to descend below the train as the valley receded below.          

The Ffestiniog Railroad operated a variety of restored, narrow-gauge passenger bogie carriages, typical of which had been the Number 11.  Originally built in 1880 by the Gloster Wagon Company of Gloster, it had served as the railroad’s Number 4 car, but had been reconstructed during the 1928-1929 period as a passenger/brake carriage.  Reentering service in 1956 with the new, post-mining tourist railroad, it subsequently appeared with an observation saloon and end windows after a second refit the following year, and was mounted on a steel underframe in 1967.

                The current Number 12, also having been built by the Gloster Wagon Company and having served as the Number 5 car, had seen service as a passenger/brake carriage after its 1929-1930 reconstruction.  One of the first two cars to be restored by the Preservation Society, it reentered service in 1955, and two years later had been fitted with a buffet counter and a side corridor, and had been coupled to Carriage Number 11.  Having been lengthened and also mounted on a steel underframe, it operated for some 20 years until a 1982 renovation saw the removal of the buffet counter and the installation of a new seating arrangement.

                My carriage had been configured with dual, facing seats on the left and single, facing seats on the right, which were upholstered in red material and separated by wood-grained tables.  The first class compartment, located mid-way in the carriage, had been accessed by hinged doors opening into either outer coach section, which was adorned with blue-upholstered seat pairs on either side and the wood-grained separating tables.  The carriage’s ceiling was arched and wood paneling covered its side walls.  Train attendants took orders for hot drinks, crisps and chocolates, cakes and biscuits, soft drinks, and alcoholic beverages.

                Rhiw Goch, a crucial point on the original Ffestiniog Railroad, had been the station where the loaded, descending trains met the empty, ascending ones.  A horse stage station between 1836 and 1863, it had been the location of contractor-provided horses, which hauled the empty slate wagons over each stage.  The horses themselves were transported to the lower stage station in dandy wagons.

                Stopping at Penrhyn at 1305, the train was now ten miles from Blaunau Ffestiniog and at a 160-foot elevation.  The station, opened in 1865, had been reconstructed with material from the old Porthmadog Station in 1879.  The stop itself had reopened with the new Ffestiniog Railroad in 1956.

                Emitting a heavy trail of billowing steam, the engine led its snaking chain of carriages through low, dense green vegetation, having left the high-elevation of the mountains behind it.

                Minffordd, opened in 1872, had been the rail interchange with the Cambrian Coast Line and the site of the Outdoor Engineering Depot in the former Slate Trans-Shipment Yard.

                The silver-gray surface of the harbor, visible ahead and to the left, was now separated by flat marsh which extended from the tracks to the shore.

                Boston Lodge, which had originally opened in 1928, had been the location of the Boston Lodge Works, the quarry site for the stone used in building the Cob between 1808 and 1811, while the Boston Lodge itself had served as the office and stables during its construction.  The 1856 Weigh House, perched on its Top End, had been used to weigh the loaded, descending slate trains, but was later superseded by Minffordd in 1872.

                Following the coast, the train turned to the left where the tracks blossomed into six and pulled into the Porthmadog Station, which had originally opened in 1865 and was now alive with crowds awaiting the return ascent to Blaenau Ffestiniog.

                The line, whether hauling slate for mining, transporting passengers for profit, or carrying tourists for pleasure had succeeded in maintaining its usefulness for some 150 years.    

 

About the Author

A graduate of Long Island University-C.W. Post Campus with a summa-cum-laude BA Degree in Comparative Languages and Journalism, I have subsequently earned the Continuing Community Education Teaching Certificate from the Nassau Association for Continuing Community Education (NACCE) at Molloy College, the Travel Career Development Certificate from the Institute of Certified Travel Agents (ICTA) at LIU, and the AAS Degree in Aerospace Technology at the State University of New York – College of Technology at Farmingdale. Having amassed almost three decades in the airline industry, I managed the New York-JFK and Washington-Dulles stations at Austrian Airlines, created the North American Station Training Program, served as an Aviation Advisor to Farmingdale State University of New York, and devised and taught the Airline Management Certificate Program at the Long Island Educational Opportunity Center. A freelance author, I have written some 70 books of the short story, novel, nonfiction, essay, poetry, article, log, curriculum, training manual, and textbook genre in English, German, and Spanish, having principally focused on aviation and travel, and I have been published in book, magazine, newsletter, and electronic Web site form. I am a writer for Cole Palen’s Old Rhinebeck Aerodrome in New York. I have made some 350 lifetime trips by air, sea, rail, and road.

Okay, builders, think about this.....?

I have a Boston Terrier. I am going to the mountains in a lob cabin with her. the people I will stay with do not want her in the house a whole bunch. So , they have a 50 ft. long 8 ft. wide deck. 38 ft is covered. I need to make a portable ( meaning it will fit in the back of a pick up truck laying down) pen that she can not jump out of . the deck is really,really high up, and the rails are far enough apart she could fall through. so, made out of maybe chicken wire and wood, or pvc pipe, i need a idea for a a small, like 4 ft long, 4ft wide, and 3.5 ft tall. thanks.....

With all due respect; I'll assume that most everywhere but here in FL; and perhaps Southern TX; IT'S Winter!

I think if I couldn't "board" the dog somewhere; and cared for the dog enough; I might decline the LOG cabin invite.

The easiest, fastest, best situation might just be to buy the largest collapsable metal kennel and take it. I've had them large enough to keep 100 pound dogs in with relative comfort.

I wish you well, but more I hope the dog is housed comfortably while you enjoy whatever this trip is about.

Steven Wolf

City of Blinding Lights: U2 Vertigo Boston Live

Horn Panel Used

Car Inspections: 25 Tricks to do it like a pro

You have been looking for a nice car in your price range for a month and your heart starts to beat a little faster as you walk up to a shining used car that is in perfect condition! Or is it in perfect condition? Inspections are tricky and if you think intuition will guide you to a good car, you’re wrong.

First of all, there is no replacement for having a mechanic look at a car before you buy it. Make sure somebody has put the car up on a lift, checked out all the mechanicals, and given you a full report on the cars problems (or not). Mechanics will be able to find leaks, wear, and problems that aren’t visible to an untrained eye looking down at an engine with the hood up. Now that the mechanic has done his or her job, it’s time for you to do your own inspection and make the final decision. After all, it’s your own money. Bring a small magnet,a rag or box of tissues (to clean your hands), and a print out of this blog so that you won’t forget about the insider tricks that will help you make sure you’re getting a quality car!

A. Rust Rust is cancer so finding it is important.

TRICK 1: Magnets will not stick to car body fillers, so use your small magnet to check panels, wheel wells, fenders and door for rust and body damage.

B. Body TRICK 2: The factory alignment of exterior car panels is extremely precise. Look at the gaps between panels, doors, hood, and trunk. If the gaps are not even, this could be a sign of major damage.

C. Paint A new paint job is a sign of past distress for a car. TRICK 3: Open the hood and look for overspray in the engine compartment. Also, lift the molding edge on windshield at the paint line to check for repainting.

D. Tail Pipe TRICK 4: Check the deposits in the inside of the tail pipe with your finger. If it’s white or gray, everything should be okay. Black and sooty may mean a tune-up is needed. Black and gummy means something is wrong and the car is burning too much oil!

E. Oil TRICK 5: Oil that is murky brown, gray, or bubbly has water in it and is a sign of a cracked engine block. TRICK 6: Feel the oil with your fingers. Grit or gum means the oil hasn’t been changed often enough.

F. Doors TRICK 7: Open and close the doors without slamming them. If they hit and bounce or just don’t close easily, this could be a sign of major damage.

G. Trunk TRICK 8: Lift up the mat in the trunk and look for signs of rust while you are checking out the spare tire.

H. Hitch TRICK 9: Check for signs of a hitch being attached the car. Towing can be ruinous to an engine and transmission.

I. Tires

TRICK 10: Look at tires for even tread wear. Uneven tread wear could be a sign of major damage.

TRICK 11: Make sure all four tires are the same tire. If tires are rotated frequently, properly inflated, and there is no damage to the car, all four tires will always be replaced at the same time.

J. Shocks Check to see if any of the shocks are leaking.

TRICK 12: If you bounce the car five times, it should only bounce once after you stop.

K. Seats Sit in every seat and make sure they aren’t lumpy. Look for tears, damage, and that they don’t move when they are locked in position.

L. Floor Mats TRICK 13: Look under all the mats for signs of rust.

M. Pedals, Armrest

TRICK 14: Check to make sure the wear on the pedals and the driver’s side armrest look appropriate for the mileage on the car. N. Smell If the car is has a very strong deodorant, it may be covering up a musty smell that resulted from water damage, leaks, or something worse.

O. Instrument Panel Make sure everything works - radio, heater, AC, clock, horn, etc.

TRICK 15: When you turn the car on, make sure ALL the lights on the dashboard light up. Lights that don’t work could be burnt out (usually not easily replaceable) or could have been disconnected to hide a problem.

P. Lights Check to make sure all lights work (brake, turn, reverse, headlights, interior, etc)

TRICK 16: Make sure the signals self-cancel after turning. Q. Windows Check that all windows operate smoothly and don’t make any unexpected noises.

R. Glass Check for broken or cracked glass.

S. Transmission Fluid

TRICK 17: Low fluid means a leak, brown means no maintenance has been done on the transmission, a burnt smell means the transmission has a lot of wear, pieces of metal in the fluid means the gears are being ground off.

T. Engine Check for leaks.

TRICK 18: Steam cleaning and engine is a way to hide leaks. Make sure the car has been driven enough after the cleaning so that leaks can still be identified.

TRICK 19: Squeeze water hoses to make sure the soft and flexible as compared to hardened and cracked.

TRICK 20: Make sure there isn’t too much play in the fan blade which can mean the water pump Drive Shaft may fail soon.

U. Belts Check for frayed, cracked, and loose belts. V. Steering

TRICK 21: Look out the window at the wheel when you are turning the steering wheel. If it doesn’t turn in the first two inches of steering wheel movement, there may be major suspension problems. With a power steering car, turn and lock the wheel in both directions. There should be no screeches or bouncing.

W. Exhaust

TRICK 22: While you’re driving, check the exhaust. Blue smoke means excessive oil burning, black smoke means it may need a tune-up, white smoke on startup is just water in the exhaust line, and white smoke while driving means there is water in the cylinders.

X. Brakes

TRICK 23: Make sure there is at least two inches between the pedal and the floor when the brake is fully applied.

TRICK 24: Brake suddenly when driving and listen for screeches. A car that pulls or dips to one side means brake or potentially costly suspension problems.

Y. Leaks

TRICK 25: Drive the car through a car wash to check for water leaks.

Z. Underneath If you really want to picky, TELL the salesperson to put the car up on a lift for you to take a look. Look for engine leaks, transmission leaks, brake line leaks, shock absorber leaks, accident damage or repair, frame welds, and rust.

Make sure to check a car out in person, especially if you're looking for online used cars. You may find cheap used cars, but they might not be quality.

Thanks to Massey for writing an excellent and well hidden article titled “Inspecting Your Purchase - Six Ways to Identify a Lemon” which has a lot of great information about inspecting cars. Also, if you think I have missed something in this list or want to discuss the inspection process then please leave a comment! Thanks! Also, be sure to check out Carsala for used cars prices

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About the Author

I am wanting to put a used fire alarm system in?

the horns are simplex will the horns work with any system panel I hate having a battery operated smoke detector that has went off when I accidently burnt something like popcorn in the microwave I would like to have a fire alarm that is not so sensitive

You are probably better off calling in a professional as you will end up getting a better set-up.
What you are looking for is photo-electric smoke detectors as opposed to Ionization. They are a little slower at detection in that they need actual visible smoke whereas the ionization pick up products of combustion (AKA ant flatulence)
There are several self diagnosing versions of photo-electrics out there. Typically I get the 12 Volt versions and connect them to a security alarm system. There are however other configurations and stand-alone units.
As far as the simplex horns you have, I am assuming you already have a fire alarm panel installed. If that is the case it is a matter of getting a smoke detector that has the right voltage for the fire alarm panel which is already installed.

Once again, this is something that should be handled by a professional as you are dealing with life safety.

I have a section called "Theft by fire" on my website at http://www.keepsafesystems.ca that deals specifically with fire detection and the types of devices, as well as the stages of a fire.

Silent Knight 5204 Test